References are to Stewart, Calculus - Concepts and Contexts, 2nd Ed.
6.3 Arclength. Be able to set up the integral giving the length of the curve traced out by the point with coordinates (x(t), y(t)) between t = a and t = b [Formula 1, Example 1 p.468, Exercises 3, 5, 6]. Special case: be able to set up the integral giving the length of the graph of y = f(x) between x = a and x = b [Formula 2, Example 2 p.469, Exercises 4,8]. Since these integrals are in general difficult or impossible to calculate analytically (using anti-differentiation) be able to apply approximation methods to estimate them [Exercise 13 - use n=2 if doing by hand].
6.4 Average value. Be able to calculate the average value of the function f(x) on the interval [a,b]: divide the integral by (b-a). [Box p.473, Example 1, Exercises 1, 2].
Complex Numbers - Appendix I. Understand the identification of the complex number x + iy with the point (x,y) in the plane. Be able to add and multiply complex numbers. [Exercises 1, 2, 3, 4]. Be able to write the complex number x + iy in "polar" form r ei theta. [Box, p.A72, Example 4 p.A73, Exercises 25, 26]. Understand the geometric explanation of multiplication (multiply the r's and add the theta's) [Box, p.A73]
Second Order Differential Equations (we only study an important special case: linear homogeneous equations with constant coefficients). Review the Notes. Be able to substitute y = elambda x for the unknown function y and to solve for lambda. This method gives two solutions (remember how to get them in the special case where the lambda equation has a double root), say y1 and y2. Be able to write the general solution as c1y1 + c2y2 [Exercises 1, 2 in Notes] and to use initial conditions to calculate c1 and c2 [Exercises 6, 9 in Notes]. The fundamental physical example is a horizontal spring fixed at one end and with a mass of 1 gram at the other. Then, taking y = 0 as the rest position, the position of the mass is given by the solution of y'' + py' + ky = 0 where k is the spring constant and p is the damping constant [Exercises 11-15]
8.1 Know what a sequence is, and be able to check convergence/divergence in simple cases: for rational functions of n as in Example 3 [Exercises 10, 11]; using Theorem 2 p.565 and l'Hôpital's rule [Example 4, Exercises 16, 19, 20].
8.2 Understand that the sum of an infinite series only makes sense as the limit of the sequence of partial sums (Definition 2 p.574). Fundamental example: the geometric series a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ... (Example 1) converges to a/(1-r) if |r| < 1 and diverges otherwise. Be able to sum this series correctly [Example 2, Exercises 13, 14, 15, 16]. Also, be able to use this technique to express a repeating decimal as a fraction [Example 4, Exercises 29-32]. Second fundamental example: the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + ..., which diverges (Example 7). This is fundamental because it shows that the terms can go to zero and the series may still diverge (Note 2 p. 578).
8.3 Be able to apply the integral test, and determine convergence or
divergence of a series from covergence or divergence of the corresponding
improper integral (discussion on pp. 583, 584) [Exercises 6-8].
Be able to
apply the comparison test: suppose 2 series, the sum of
{an} and and the sum of
{bn} are related by the inequality
0 < an < bn for every n; then
if the smaller series diverges the larger one must diverge, and if the
larger one converges the smaller one must converge. [Example 3, Exercises
9, 10, 16, 17].
Be able to apply the integral test to the "tail"
(the sum from the (n+1)-st term on) of a series to estimate
the error involved in approximating the infinite sum by the sum of
the first n terms [Example 6, Example 7, Exercises 28, 29].
8.4 Understand that an alternating series (terms are alternately
positive and negative) will converge if the terms are decreasing in
absolute value and if their limit is 0 (Box, page 593) [Example 1,
Exercises 3, 4, 5] and the "Alternating Series Estimation Theorem"
(p. 594) [Example 4, Exercises 12, 13, 17, 18].
Understand what absolute convergence means, and that it implies
convergence [Example 7, Exercises 19, 21].
VERY IMPORTANT FOR POWER SERIES: Be able to apply
the ratio test to a series (Box, p. 597) [Examples 8,9, Exercises
31, 33].
8.5 Power series. Understand what a power series is ("an infinite polynomial") and that in general the convergence of c0 + c1x + c2x2 + ... will depend on x. The Ratio test is very useful here [Examples 1, 2 ]. Understand the difference between the radius of convergence and the interval of convergence (p. 602) [Examples 4, 5, Exercises 5, 6, 7, 8.]
8.6 A power series in x defines a function f(x).
[Example 1: 1/(1+x2) = 1 - x2 + x4 - ...
; note that the domain of definition of the function (here it is the
whole line) may be different from the interval of convergence of the series
(here it is (-1, 1)! Exercises 5, 6, 7].
Be able to calculate new power series by term-by-term
differentiation or integration of old ones (Theorem 2 p. 607) [Examples 5,
6, 7, Exercises 11, 12, 13].
8.7 Taylor series. If a function f(x) has derivatives of every order at 0, then the power series
f(0) + f'(0)x + f''(0)x2/2 + ... + f(n)(0)xn/n! + ...
is called the Taylor series for f(x) about 0; also called the Maclaurin series for f(x). More generally if f(x) has derivatives of every order at x=a, then the power series
f(a) + f'(a)(x-a) + f''(a)(x-a)2/2 + ... + f(n)(a)(x-a)n/n! + ...
is called the Taylor series for f(x) about a [Examples 1, 3, Exercises 3, 4, 6]. Be able to apply Taylor's Inequality (p. 614) -you do not need to memorize it- to show that ex, sin x, cos x are equal to the sum of their Maclaurin series [Example 2, Exercise 15, 16]. Be able to use Taylor series to integrate functions that can't be handled by ordinary methods, like e-x2 [Example 8, Exercises 35, 36].
8.10 Be able to apply the power series method to solve a differential equation of order 1 or 2. Be sure you know how this works for y'- y = 0 and y''+ y = 0. [Exercises 1, 2, 7, 8]. For an initial value problem, using the initial values can simplify the calculation.